UN ENEMIGO OCULTO EN MUCHAS COMIDAS , GLUTAMATO  MONOSÓDICO ¡ DESCUBRALO !

 Fuente:

http://www.herbalab-mexico.com/noticias/47-hay-un-enemigo-oculto-en-muchas-comidas-i-descubralo-.html

¿ Donde está ?

Está en montones de alimentos industrializados, desde las formulas para bebés hasta unas papas fritas , una lata de frijoles o un aderezo para ensaladas., está en la mayoría de los alimentos industrializados.

 

¿ Cómo se llama?

Su nombre es  GLUTAMATO MONOSODICO y , como todo enemigo, se oculta también con otros nombres que le dire más adelante.

 

Me dijeron que el glutamate es una sustancia natural muy importante que está presente en muchísimos alimentos, ¿ Es cierto?

Si,, es cierto.  Ud. está hablando del  GLUTAMATO,  aquí estamos diciendo : GLUTAMATO MONOSODICO ,  lo cual significa que es otra sustancia.  Es como hablar de personas que tienen el mismo nombre y distinto apellido.

Debe quedar bien claro que el GLUTAMATO que contienen en forma natural muchísimos alimentos de ninguna manera debe confundirse con el GLUTAMATO MONOSODICO, que siendo en su origen ácido glutámico natural  se convierte luego en laboratorio en una sustancia artificial procesada a partir de una sustancia natural.

Nuestro cuerpo produce glutamato natural  a partir de una sustancia llamada ácido glutámico y que es indispensable para el mantenimiento de la salud.

El ácido glutámico se encuentra naturalmente en muchos alimentos como tomate, zanahoria, carne de res, algas, queso parmesano, pescado especialmente sardinas , papas, pollo y muchos más. Dada su importancia está ampliamente presente en la naturaleza

Una de las funciones más importantes del glutamato en nuestro organismo es la de proporcionar energía a cerebro, músculos, sangre, hígado, riñones y otros órganos y tejidos.

La leche maternal contiene una gran cantidad de glutamato y cumple una función importantísima en el desarrollo del bebé.

La placenta, al estar en íntimo contacto con el feto posee glutamato que actúa como una sustancia energética vital.

Nuevamente repito: Debe quedar bien claro que el GLUTAMATO que contienen en forma natural muchísimos alimentos y que también está en nuestro cuerpo,   de ninguna manera debe confundirse con el GLUTAMATO MONOSODICO, que siendo en su origen ácido glutámico natural  se convierte luego en laboratorio en una sustancia artificial procesada a partir de una sustancia natural.

Entonces,  ¿ Qué es el GLUTAMATO MONOSODICO?

El Glutamato Monosódico fue una creación artificial hecha en Japón en el año  1908  por el Dr. Ikeda. El  descubrió que dicha sustancia producia un mejor sabor en los alimentos a los cuales se agregaba y que producía el deseo de seguir comiendo más.   Esto fué un atractivo enorme para los intereses económicos de la industria alimenticia, A este sabor nuevo , que no existía en la Naturaleza, lo llamaron “Umami”. Esta sustancia tenía también la ventaja de potenciar el sabor de otros alimentos especialmente los ácidos y salados sin acción sobre los dulces.

El Glutamato Monosódico atrajo también la atención de los investigadores médicos que  estaban haciendo estudios sobre la obesidad. Estos estudios hechos en ratas necesitaban por supuesto ratas obesas y esto se logró facilmente alimentándolas con  GLUTAMATO MONOSODICO.  Estas son las ratas obesas de laboratorio que son conocidas como ratas GMS,  en ingles ratas MSG La cantidad de Glutamato Monosódico que reciben tiene que ser parecida a la que se pone en los alimentos, debido a que mayor cantidad es tóxica y en grandes cantidades es mortal.

 

¿Qué daños produce consumer alimentos que tengan agregado el GLUTAMATO MONOSODICO ?

La obesidad es uno de los daños.  La cantidad de obesos tanto niños como adultdos ya es una preocupación muy grande y muy relacionada con la presencia de GLUTAMATO MONOSODICO en los alimentos industrializados.

Hay daños  que se producen en una zona  del cerebro que regula todo el sistema glandular interno o sea altera la producción de hormonas.

Las pruebas en animales muestran que los que son alimentados con comida que contiene Glutamato Monosódico, aumentan su apetito en un 40%. Esto explica por que cuando comemos  papas fritas , comida chatarra,  salchichas,  sopas de sobre, y de lata etc. tengamos la sensación de querer seguir comiendo más.

Los daños cerebrales producidos por el Glutamato Monosódico son más importantes cuanto más temprano se consumen en la vida o sea que la peligrosidad de su consumo es mayor cuanto más pequeño es el niño que lo consume.

Canadá demuestra, luego de serios estudios, que sin ninguna duda, las fórmulas para alimentación de bebés contienen Glutamato Monosódico y Aspartame y que ambos son toxinas que  dañan el cerebro  y son particularmente peligrosas en el lactante pues ellos aún no tienen madura la barrera  que impide la entrada de muchas toxinas al cerebro.  Las formulas  para bebés más peligrosas son las llamadas hipoalergénicas.

La Federación de Sociedades Americanas de Biología Experimental  (Federation of American Societies Experimental Biology for) dice que: …Es prudente evitar el uso de L-ácido glutámico en embarazadas, lactantes , niños, mujeres en edad fertil y personas con desórdenes afectivos. Hacen notar también que el Glutamato Monosódico, aparece como «ácido glutámico» en la lista de ingredientes de los suplementos alimenticios.

El Glutamato Monosódico esta clasificado como “neurotoxina” y es considerado responsible de muchas enfermedades cerebrales como la de desencadenar ataques de epilepsia, en las personas predispuestas.

Es interesante notar la existencia de un trabajo científico realizado en Mèxico y en el cual se demiuestra que el Glutamato Monosódico, administrado durante la etapa fetal, daña el cerebro de ratas y ratones, Este es un trabajo de Tesis realizado en el Laboratorio de Toxicología del Departamento de Farmacología,Facultad de Medicina de la U.N.A.M. y Laboratorio de Formación Reticular, Unidad de Investigaciones cerebrales, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía , “Dr. Manuel Velasco Suárez” Secretaría de Salud. México D.F.  Puede leerse este trabajo en  http://148.206.53.231/UAM3282.PDF

Los trabajos científicos sobre Glutamato Monosódico y epilepsia, fueron también presentados por Coyle en 1976, Greenqmyre en 1986 y Zeevalk en 1990

La Comisión europea con fecha Mayo 27-1999 y en relación con la autorización de la vacuna del  Rota virus, establece que esta vacuna no debe darse a niños que presenten sensibilidad al latex y /o al Glutamato Monosódico.

¿Cuales son los nombres con los cuales se disfraza  el GLUTAMATO MONOSODICO?

Algunos de los nombres con los que se disfraza son

Ácido glutámico –

Ajinomoto = Vetsin –

Carragenano –

Caseinato de Calcio –

Caseinato de sodio –

Extracto de levadura –

Extracto de levadura autolizada  –

Extracto de proteina vegetal –

Gelatina hidrolizada –

Glutamato monopotásico – (reemplazante de la sal común)

Levadura hidrolizada –

MSG –

o con el número E620, E621, E622, E623, E624, E625, E627, E631, o E635.

Proteina de soya aislada –

Proteína hidrolizada –

Proteina hidrolizada de plantas (PHP) –

Proteina texturizada –

Proteina Vegetal  Hidrolizada (PVH) –

Realzador del sabor –

Saborizante natural –

Sazonador natural

Senomyx –

¿ Qué podemos hacer  para evitar comer alimentos que contengan Glutamato Monosódico ?

1. Hacer una lista con los nombres ocultos de Glutamato Monosódico y llevarla siempre con nosotros. Leer las etiquetas de todos los alimentos que compramos , para saber cuales debemos rechazar.
2. Comer alimentos no procesados industrialmente como  por ejemplo frutas y verduras frescas.
3. Tener en cuenta que muchos medicos y nutriologos,  no estudian y aun siendo buenas personas,  no lo son como profesionales pues no se actualizan con investigaciones realizadas por científicos independientes o sea no atados a ningún interés comercial.  Estos  medicos y nutriólogos  que no siguen estudiando son seres humanos con errores como cualquier persona.  Simplemente no hay que juzgarlos y hay que borrarlos de nuestra lista de personas capacitadas para cuidar nuestra salud

Resumen y traducción del inglés, Dra. Nélida Barreiro Trelles

A continuación hay algunas referencias científicas serias sobre los daños que produce el consumo de GLUTAMATO MONOSODICO, se refieren especialmente a los daños cerebrales y obesidad.

Referencias:

Hermanussen M, García AP, Sunder M, Voigt M, Salazar V, Tresguerres JA. Obesity, voracity, and short stature: the impact of glutamate on the regulation of appetite. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2006 Jan;60(1):25-31.

Fernandez-Tresguerres Hernández JA. [Effect of monosodium glutamate given orally on appetite control (a new theory for the obesity epidemic)]  [Article in Spanish]  An R Acad Nac Med (Madr). 2005;122(2):341-55; discussion 355-60.

1:  Nakayama D, Magami Y, Azuma T, Inokuchi H, Furukawa M, Ohyashiki J, Yoshimoto T, Mizuguchi J, Moriyasu F, Kawai K, Hattori T. Turnover of acinar and islet cells in the pancreas of monosodium glutamate-treated obese mice. ?Obes Res. 2003 Jan;11(1):87-94. ?PMID: 12529490 [PubMed – in process]

2:  Guimaraes RB, Telles MM, Coelho VB, Mori RC, Nascimento CM, Ribeiro EB. Adrenalectomy abolishes the food-induced hypothalamic serotonin release in both normal and monosodium glutamate-obese rats. ?Brain Res Bull. 2002 Aug 15;58(4):363-9. ?PMID: 12183012 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

3:  Hahm S, Fekete C, Mizuno TM, Windsor J, Yan H, Boozer CN, Lee C, Elmquist JK, Lechan RM, Mobbs CV, Salton SR. VGF is required for obesity induced by diet, gold thioglucose treatment, and agouti and is differentially regulated in pro-opiomelanocortin- and neuropeptide Y-containing arcuate neurons in response to fasting. ?J Neurosci. 2002 Aug 15;22(16):6929-38. ?PMID: 12177191 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

4:  de Carvalho Papa P, Vargas AM, da Silva JL, Nunes MT, Machado UF. GLUT4 protein is differently modulated during development of obesity in monosodium glutamate-treated mice. ?Life Sci. 2002 Sep 6;71(16):1917-28. ?PMID: 12175706 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

5:  Schoelch C, Hubschle T, Schmidt I, Nuesslein-Hildesheim B. MSG lesions decrease body mass of suckling-age rats by attenuating circadian decreases of energy expenditure. ?Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2002 Sep;283(3):E604-11. ?PMID: 12169455 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

6:  Kaufhold A, Nigam PK, Dhir RN, Shapiro BH. Prevention of latently expressed CYP2C11, CYP3A2, and growth hormone defects in neonatally monosodium glutamate-treated male rats by the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist dizocilpine maleate. ?J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2002 Aug;302(2):490-6. ?PMID: 12130706 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

7:  Balbo SL, Mathias PC, Bonfleur ML, Alves HF, Siroti FJ, Monteiro OG, Ribeiro FB, Souza AC. Vagotomy reduces obesity in MSG-treated rats. ?Res Commun Mol Pathol Pharmacol. 2000 Nov-Dec;108(5-6):291-6. ?PMID: 11958282 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

8:  de Mello MA, de Souza CT, Braga LR, dos Santos JW, Ribeiro IA, Gobatto CA. Glucose tolerance and insulin action in monosodium glutamate (MSG) obese exercise-trained rats. ?Physiol Chem Phys Med NMR. 2001;33(1):63-71. ?PMID: 11758736 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

9:  Pinterova L, Zelezna B, Fickova M, Macho L, Krizanova O, Jezova D, Zorad S. Elevated AT1 receptor protein but lower angiotensin II-binding in adipose tissue of rats with monosodium glutamate-induced obesity. ?Horm Metab Res. 2001 Dec;33(12):708-12. ?PMID: 11753755 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

10:  Larsen PJ, Fledelius C, Knudsen LB, Tang-Christensen M. Systemic administration of the long-acting GLP-1 derivative NN2211 induces lasting and reversible weight loss in both normal and obese rats. ?Diabetes. 2001 Nov;50(11):2530-9. ?PMID: 11679431 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

11:  Racek L, Lenhardt L, Mozes S. Effect of fasting and refeeding on duodenal alkaline phosphatase activity in monosodium glutamate obese rats. ?Physiol Res. 2001;50(4):365-72. ?PMID: 11551142 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

12:  Lucinei Balbo S, Gravena C, Bonfleur ML, de Freitas Mathias PC. Insulin secretion and acetylcholinesterase activity in monosodium l-glutamate-induced obese mice. ?Horm Res. 2000;54(4):186-91. ?PMID: 11416236 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

13:  Dolnikoff M, Martin-Hidalgo A, Machado UF, Lima FB, Herrera E. Decreased lipolysis and enhanced glycerol and glucose utilization by adipose tissue prior to development of obesity in monosodium glutamate (MSG) treated-rats. ?Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2001 Mar;25(3):426-33. ?PMID: 11319642 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

14:  Imai T, Jiang M, Chambon P, Metzger D. Impaired adipogenesis and lipolysis in the mouse upon selective ablation of the retinoid X receptor alpha mediated by a tamoxifen-inducible chimeric Cre recombinase (Cre-ERT2) in adipocytes. ?Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001 Jan 2;98(1):224-8. ?PMID: 11134524 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

15:  Nakagawa T, Ukai K, Ohyama T, Gomita Y, Okamura H. Effects of chronic administration of sibutramine on body weight, food intake and motor activity in neonatally monosodium glutamate-treated obese female rats: relationship of antiobesity effect with monoamines. ?Exp Anim. 2000 Oct;49(4):239-49. ?PMID: 11109549 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

16:  Martinkova A, Lenhardt L, Mozes S.  Effect of neonatal MSG treatment on day-night alkaline phosphatase activity in the rat duodenum. ?Physiol Res. 2000;49(3):339-45. ?PMID: 11043921 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

17:  Iwase M, Ichikawa K, Tashiro K, Iino K, Shinohara N, Ibayashi S, Yoshinari M, Fujishima M.  Effects of monosodium glutamate-induced obesity in spontaneously hypertensive rats vs. Wistar Kyoto rats: serum leptin and blood flow to brown adipose tissue. ?Hypertens Res. 2000 Sep;23(5):503-10. ?PMID: 11016806 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

18:  Mozes S, Lenhardt L, Martinkova A. Alkaline phosphatase activity of duodenal enterocytes after neonatal administration of monosodium glutamate to rats. ?Physiol Res. 2000;49(2):269-77. ?PMID: 10984094 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

19:  Macho L, Fickova M, Jezova, Zorad S.  Late effects of postnatal administration of monosodium glutamate on insulin action in adult rats. ?Physiol Res. 2000;49 Suppl 1:S79-85. ?PMID: 10984075 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]20:  Miskowiak B, Kesa B, Limanowski A, Partyka M, Filipiak B.Long-term effect of neonatal monosodium glutamate (MSG) treatment on reproductive system of the female rat. Folia Morphol (Warsz). 1999;58(2):105-13. ?PMID: 10598403 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

21:  Kim YW, Kim JY, Lee SK.Surgical removal of visceral fat decreases plasma free fatty acid and increases insulin sensitivity on liver and peripheral tissue in monosodium glutamate (MSG)-obese rats. ?J Korean Med Sci. 1999 Oct;14(5):539-45. ?PMID: 10576150 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

22:  Mori RC, Guimaraes RB, Nascimento CM, Ribeiro EB.Lateral hypothalamic serotonergic responsiveness to food intake in rat obesity as measured by microdialysis. ?Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 1999 Apr;77(4):286-92. ?PMID: 10535677 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

23:  Liu YF, Cai DF, Chen XH.[Effect of zuogui wan on the contents of hypothalamic monoaminic transmitters and body weight in rats treated with monosodium glutamate neonatally] ?Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi. 1997 Nov;17(11):673-5. Chinese. ?PMID: 10322848 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

24:Morris MJ, Tortelli CF, Filippis A, Proietto J.Reduced BAT function as a mechanism for obesity in the hypophagic, neuropeptide Y deficient monosodium glutamate-treated rat. ?Regul Pept. 1998 Sep 25;75-76:441-7. ?PMID: 9802441 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

25:  Bergen HT, Mizuno TM, Taylor J, Mobbs CV. Hyperphagia and weight gain after gold-thioglucose: relation to hypothalamic neuropeptide Y and proopiomelanocortin. ?Endocrinology. 1998 Nov;139(11):4483-8. ?PMID: 9794456 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

26:  Palmiter RD, Erickson JC, Hollopeter G, Baraban SC, Schwartz MW.Life without neuropeptide Y. ?Recent Prog Horm Res. 1998;53:163-99. Review. ?PMID: 9769708 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

27:  Tsukahara F, Uchida Y, Ohba K, Ogawa A, Yoshioka T, Muraki T. The effect of acute cold exposure and norepinephrine on uncoupling protein gene expression in brown adipose tissue of monosodium glutamate-obese mice. ?Jpn J Pharmacol. 1998 Jul;77(3):247-9. ?PMID: 9717772 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

28:  Hollopeter G, Erickson JC, Palmiter RD.Role of neuropeptide Y in diet-, chemical- and genetic-induced obesity of mice. ?Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1998 Jun;22(6):506-12. ?PMID: 9665670 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

29:  Hriscu M, Saulea G, Vidrascu N, Baciu I.Effects of monosodium glutamate on blood neutrophils phagocytic activity and phagocytic response in mice. ?Rom J Physiol. 1997 Jan-Dec;34(1-4):95-101. ?PMID: 9653813 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

30:  Iwase M, Yamamoto M, Iino K, Ichikawa K, Shinohara N, Yoshinari M, Fujishima M. Obesity induced by neonatal monosodium glutamate treatment in spontaneously hypertensive rats: an animal model of multiple risk factors. ?Hypertens Res. 1998 Mar;21(1):1-6. ?PMID: 9582101 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

31:  Yoshida T, Umekawa T, Kumamoto K, Sakane N, Kogure A, Kondo M, Wakabayashi Y, Kawada T, Nagase I, Saito M. beta 3-Adrenergic agonist induces a functionally active uncoupling protein in fat and slow-twitch muscle fibers. ?Am J Physiol. 1998 Mar;274(3 Pt 1):E469-75. ?PMID: 9530130 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

32:  Papa PC, Seraphim PM, Machado UF. Loss of weight restores GLUT 4 content in insulin-sensitive tissues of monosodium glutamate-treated obese mice. ?Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1997 Nov;21(11):1065-70. ?PMID: 9368832 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

33:  Zorad S, Macho L, Jezova D, Fickova M.Partial characterization of insulin resistance in adipose tissue of monosodium glutamate-induced obese rats. ?Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1997 Sep 20;827:541-5. No abstract available. ?PMID: 9329787 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

34:  Ribeiro EB, do Nascimento CM, Andrade IS, Hirata AE, Dolnikoff MS. Hormonal and metabolic adaptations to fasting in monosodium glutamate-obese rats. ?J Comp Physiol [B]. 1997 Aug;167(6):430-7. ?PMID: 9286091 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

35:  Dawson R, Pelleymounter MA, Millard WJ, Liu S, Eppler B.Attenuation of leptin-mediated effects by monosodium glutamate-induced arcuate nucleus damage. ?Am J Physiol. 1997 Jul;273(1 Pt 1):E202-6. ?PMID: 9252497 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

36:  Hirata AE, Andrade IS, Vaskevicius P, Dolnikoff MS. Monosodium glutamate (MSG)-obese rats develop glucose intolerance and insulin resistance to peripheral glucose uptake. ?Braz J Med Biol Res. 1997 May;30(5):671-4. ?PMID: 9283637 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

37:  Popova IuP, Kondrashov SIu, Malikova NA, Aleshko-Ozhevskii, Sheviakova LV, Makhova NN, Mazo VK, Galkin AA, Shirina LI.[Lipid peroxidation and various parameters of mineral metabolism in patients with alimentary obesity during therapy with monosodium glutamate] ?Vopr Pitan. 1997;(3):8-10. Russian. ?PMID: 9289922 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

38:  Spurlock ME, Hahn KJ, Miner JL.Regulation of adipsin and body composition in the monosodium glutamate (MSG)-treated mouse. ?Physiol Behav. 1996 Nov;60(5):1217-21. ?PMID: 8916174 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

39:  Otoya RE, Seltzer AM, Donoso AO.Decrease of (+)-3-[125I]MK-801 binding to NMDA brain receptors revealed at puberty in rats treated neonatally with monosodium glutamate. ?Brain Res Dev Brain Res. 1996 Sep 2;95(2):149-56. ?PMID: 8874889 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

40:  Caputo FA, Ali SF, Wolff GL, Scallet AC. Neonatal MSG reduces hypothalamic DA, beta-endorphin, and delays weight gain in genetically obese (A viable yellow/alpha) mice. ?Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1996 Feb;53(2):425-32. ?PMID: 8808153 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

41:  Frederich RC, Hamann A, Anderson S, Lollmann B, Lowell BB, Flier JS.Leptin levels reflect body lipid content in mice: evidence for diet-induced resistance to leptin action. ?Nat Med. 1995 Dec;1(12):1311-4. ?PMID: 7489415 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

42:  Yoshida T, Sakane N, Wakabayashi Y, Umekawa T, Kondo M.Thermogenic, anti-obesity effects of bofu-tsusho-san in MSG-obese  mice. ?Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1995 Oct;19(10):717-22. ?PMID: 8589765 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

43:  Frederich RC, Lollmann B, Hamann A, Napolitano-Rosen A, Kahn BB, Lowell BB, Flier JS  Expression of ob mRNA and its encoded protein in rodents. Impact of nutrition and obesity. ?J Clin Invest. 1995 Sep;96(3):1658-63. ?PMID: 7657836 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

44:  Fabres-Machado U, Saito M. The effect of adipose cell size on the measurement of GLUT 4 in white adipose tissue of obese mice. ?Braz J Med Biol Res. 1995 Mar;28(3):369-76. ?PMID: 8520534 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

45:  Guengerich FP. Influence of nutrients and other dietary materials on cytochrome P-450 enzymes. ?Am J Clin Nutr. 1995 Mar;61(3 Suppl):651S-658S. Review. ?PMID: 7879733 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

46:  Yoshida T, Yoshioka K, Sakane N, Umekawa T, Kondo M. Probucol prevents the progression of fatty liver in MSG obese mice. ?Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. 1995;103(2):119-22. ?PMID: 7553075 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

47:  Platt KA, Claffey KP, Wilkison WO, Spiegelman BM, Ross SR. Independent regulation of adipose tissue-specificity and obesity response of the adipsin promoter in transgenic mice. ?J Biol Chem. 1994 Nov 18;269(46):28558-62. ?PMID: 7961801 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

48:  Kubota A, Nakagawa Y, Igarashi Y.Studies of gene expression in liver of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I, IGF binding protein-3 and growth hormone  GH) receptor/GH binding protein in rats treated neonatally with monosodium glutamate. ?Horm Metab Res. 1994 Nov;26(11):497-503. ?PMID: 7533119 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

49:  Yoshida T, Sakane N, Wakabayashi Y, Umekawa T, Kondo M. Anti-obesity effect of CL 316,243, a highly specific beta 3-adrenoceptor agonist, in mice with monosodium-L-glutamate-induced obesity. ?Eur J Endocrinol. 1994 Jul;131(1):97-102. ?PMID: 7913651 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

50:  Pampori NA, Shapiro BH. Subnormal concentrations in the feminine profile of circulating growth hormone enhance expression of female-specific CYP2C12. ?Biochem Pharmacol. 1994 Jun 1;47(11):1999-2004. ?PMID: 8010984 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

51:  Marmo MR, Dolnikoff MS, Kettelhut IC, Matsushita DM, Hell NS, Lima FB. Neonatal monosodium glutamate treatment increases epididymal adipose tissue sensitivity to insulin in three-month old rats. ?Braz J Med Biol Res. 1994 May;27(5):1249-53. ?PMID: 8000347 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

52:  Yoshida T, Sakane N, Wakabayashi Y, Yoshioka K, Umekawa T, Kondo M. The alpha/beta-adrenergic receptor blocker arotinolol activates the thermogenesis of brown adipose tissue in monosodium-L-glutamate-induced obese mice. ?Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1994 May;18(5):339-43. ?PMID: 7520314 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

53:  Machado UF, Shimizu I, Saito M. Reduced content and preserved translocation of glucose transporter (GLUT 4) in white adipose tissue of obese mice. ?Physiol Behav. 1994 Apr;55(4):621-5. ?PMID: 8190786 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

54:  Pampori NA, Shapiro BH. Effects of neonatally administered monosodium glutamate on the sexually dimorphic profiles of circulating growth hormone regulating murine hepatic monooxygenases. ?Biochem Pharmacol. 1994 Mar 29;47(7):1221-9. ?PMID: 8161351 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

55:  Zhang WM, Kuchar S, Mozes S. Body fat and RNA content of the VMH cells in rats neonatally treated with monosodium glutamate. ?Brain Res Bull. 1994;35(4):383-5. ?PMID: 7531599 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

56:  Miskowiak B, Partyka M. Effects of neonatal treatment with MSG (monosodium glutamate) on hypothalamo-pituitary-thyroid axis in adult male rats. ?Histol Histopathol. 1993 Oct;8(4):731-4. ?PMID: 8305823 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

57:  Machado UF, Shimizu Y, Saito M. ?Decreased glucose transporter (GLUT 4) content in insulin-sensitive tissues of obese aurothioglucose- and monosodium glutamate-treated mice. ?Horm Metab Res. 1993 Sep;25(9):462-5. ?PMID: 8225198 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

58:  Yamamoto T, Matsuo S, Ueshima Y, Inoue F, Kinugasa A, Sawada T. Plasma levels of insulin-like growth factor-I are reduced at one week of age in monosodium L-glutamate-treated mice. ?Endocr J. 1993 Aug;40(4):461-5. ?PMID: 7920900 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

59:  Ross SR, Graves RA, Spiegelman BM. Targeted expression of a toxin gene to adipose tissue: transgenic mice resistant to obesity. ?Genes Dev. 1993 Jul;7(7B):1318-24. ?PMID: 8330737 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

60:  Shapiro BH, Pampori NA, Ram PA, Waxman DJ. Irreversible suppression of growth hormone-dependent cytochrome P450 2C11 in adult rats neonatally treated with monosodium glutamate. ?J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1993 May;265(2):979-84. ?PMID: 8496838 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

61:  Sun YM, Ho ML, Hsu HK, Peng MT. [The effects of neonatal monosodium glutamate treatment on sex-odor attractivity and approach behavior in rats] ?Gaoxiong Yi Xue Ke Xue Za Zhi. 1993 Apr;9(4):232-42. Chinese. ?PMID: 8320757 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

62:  Miskowiak B, Limanowski A, Partyka M. [Effect of perinatal administration of monosodium glutamate (MSG) on the reproductive system of the male rat] ?Endokrynol Pol. 1993;44(4):497-505. Polish. ?PMID: 8055818 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

63:  Hotamisligil GS, Shargill NS, Spiegelman BM. Adipose expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha: direct role in obesity-linked insulin resistance. ?Science. 1993 Jan 1;259(5091):87-91. ?PMID: 7678183 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

64:  Leigh FS, Kaufman LN, Young JB. Diminished epinephrine excretion in genetically obese (ob/ob) mice and monosodium glutamate-treated rats. ?Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1992 Aug;16(8):597-604. ?PMID: 1382044 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

65:  Betran MA, Estornell E, Barber T, Cabo J. Nitrogen metabolism in obesity induced by monosodium-L-glutamate in rats. ?Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1992 Aug;16(8):555-64. ?PMID: 1326485 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

66:  Ochi M, Furukawa H, Yoshioka H, Sawada T, Kusunoki T, Hattori T. Adipocyte dynamics in hypothalamic obese mice during food deprivation and refeeding. ?J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 1991 Oct;37(5):479-91. ?PMID: 1802974 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

67:  Fisher KN, Turner RA, Pineault G, Kleim J, Saari MJ. The postweaning housing environment determines expression of learning deficit associated with neonatal monosodium glutamate (M.S.G.). ?Neurotoxicol Teratol. 1991 Sep-Oct;13(5):507-13. ?PMID: 1758404 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

68:  Nascimento Curi CM, Marmo MR, Egami M, Ribeiro EB, Andrade IS, Dolnikoff MS. Effect of monosodium glutamate treatment during neonatal development on lipogenesis rate and lipoprotein lipase activity in adult rats. ?Biochem Int. 1991 Jul;24(5):927-35. ?PMID: 1776958 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

69:  Stanton LW, Ponte PA, Coleman RT, Snyder MA. Expression of CA III in rodent models of obesity. ?Mol Endocrinol. 1991 Jun;5(6):860-6. ?PMID: 1922100 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

70:  Maiter D, Underwood LE, Martin JB, Koenig JI. Neonatal treatment with monosodium glutamate: effects of prolonged growth hormone (GH)-releasing hormone deficiency on pulsatile GH secretion and growth in female rats. ?Endocrinology. 1991 Feb;128(2):1100-6. ?PMID: 1989848 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

71:  Yoshioka K, Yoshida T, Kondo M. Reduced brown adipose tissue thermogenesis and metabolic rate in pre-obese mice treated with monosodium-L-glutamate. ?Endocrinol Jpn. 1991 Feb;38(1):75-9. ?PMID: 1915115 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

72:  Remke H, Wilsdorf A, Rehorek A. Changes of ATPase activities in erythrocytes of rats with hypothalamic obesity. ?Exp Pathol. 1991;43(1-2):67-73. ?PMID: 1664343 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

73:  Lowell BB, Flier JS. Differentiation dependent biphasic regulation of adipsin gene expression by insulin and insulin-like growth factor-1 in 3T3-F442A adipocytes. ?Endocrinology. 1990 Dec;127(6):2898-906. ?PMID: 2249632 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

74:  Yoshida T, Yoshioka K, Hiraoka N, Kondo M. Effect of nicotine on norepinephrine turnover and thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue and metabolic rate in MSG obese mice. ?J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 1990 Apr;36(2):123-30. ?PMID: 2388096 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

75:  Lowell BB, Napolitano A, Usher P, Dulloo AG, Rosen BS, Spiegelman BM, Flier JS. Reduced adipsin expression in murine obesity: effect of age and treatment with the sympathomimetic-thermogenic drug mixture ephedrine and caffeine. ?Endocrinology. 1990 Mar;126(3):1514-20. ?PMID: 2307116 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

76:  Shapiro BH, MacLeod JN, Pampori NA, Morrissey JJ, Lapenson DP, Waxman DJ. Signalling elements in the ultradian rhythm of circulating growth hormone regulating expression of sex-dependent forms of hepatic cytochrome P450. ?Endocrinology. 1989 Dec;125(6):2935-44. ?PMID: 2510988 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

77:  Platt KA, Min HY, Ross SR, Spiegelman BM. Obesity-linked regulation of the adipsin gene promoter in transgenic mice. ?Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1989 Oct;86(19):7490-4. ?PMID: 2798420 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

78:  Tokuyama K, Himms-Hagen J. Adrenalectomy prevents obesity in glutamate-treated mice. ?Am J Physiol. 1989 Aug;257(2 Pt 1):E139-44. ?PMID: 2764098 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

79:  Yoshida T, Yoshioka K, Wakabayashi Y, Kondo M. Effects of cigarette smoke on norepinephrine turnover and thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue in MSG-induced obese mice. ?Endocrinol Jpn. 1989 Aug;36(4):537-44. ?PMID: 2583062 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

80:  Brereton IM, Doddrell DM, Oakenfull SM, Moss D, Irving MG. The use of in vivo 2H NMR spectroscopy to investigate the effects of obesity and diabetes mellitus upon lipid metabolism in mice. ?NMR Biomed. 1989 Jul;2(2):55-60. ?PMID: 2534903 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

81:  Rosen BS, Cook KS, Yaglom J, Groves DL, Volanakis JE, Damm D, White T, Spiegelman BM. Adipsin and complement factor D activity: an immune-related defect in obesity. ?Science. 1989 Jun 23;244(4911):1483-7. ?PMID: 2734615 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

82:  Ahluwalia P, Malik VB. Effects of monosodium glutamate (MSG) on serum lipids, blood glucose and cholesterol in adult male mice. ?Toxicol Lett. 1989 Feb;45(2-3):195-8. ?PMID: 2919400 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

83:  Spiegelman BM, Lowell B, Napolitano A, Dubuc P, Barton D, Francke U, Groves DL, Cook KS, Flier JS. Adrenal glucocorticoids regulate adipsin gene expression in genetically obese mice. ?J Biol Chem. 1989 Jan 25;264(3):1811-5. ?PMID: 2912985 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

84:  Wilsdorf A, Remke H, Muller F. [Glucose utilization in adipose tissue of rats in chronic somatotropin deficiency] ?Biomed Biochim Acta. 1989;48(1):51-6. German. ?PMID: 2673226 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

85:  Yoshioka K, Yoshida T, Kondo M. Effect of acute cold-exposure on norepinephrine turnover and thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue and metabolic rate in MSG-induced obese mice. ?Jpn J Physiol. 1989;39(6):957-62. ?PMID: 2632905 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

86:  Ribeiro EB, Marmo MR, Andrade IS, Dolnikoff MS. Effect of fasting on monosodium glutamate-obese rats. ?Braz J Med Biol Res. 1989;22(7):917-21. ?PMID: 2629958 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

87:  Nonaka T, Higuchi N, Arai T, Oki Y. Effects of castration and androgen on glycosuria appearance in the diabetic KK mice induced by monosodium glutamate administration. ?Nippon Juigaku Zasshi. 1988 Oct;50(5):1121-3. No abstract available. ?PMID: 3199623 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

88:  Magarinos AM, Estivariz F, Morado MI, De Nicola AF. Regulation of the central nervous system-pituitary-adrenal axis in rats after neonatal treatment with monosodium glutamate. ?Neuroendocrinology. 1988 Aug;48(2):105-11. ?PMID: 2851747 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

89:  Nishioka H, Yoshida T, Yoshioka K, Kondo M. [Studies on the regulation mechanism for sympathetic nervous system activity–using hypothalamic obese mice] ?Nippon Naibunpi Gakkai Zasshi. 1988 Jul 20;64(7):554-63. Japanese. ?PMID: 3146514 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

90:  Ochi M, Fukuhara K, Sawada T, Hattori T, Kusunoki T. Development of the epididymal adipose tissue in monosodium glutamate-induced obese mice. ?J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 1988 Jun;34(3):317-26. ?PMID: 3183780 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

91:  Ochi M, Sawada T, Kusunoki T, Hattori T. Morphology and cell dynamics of adipose tissue in hypothalamic obese mice. ?Am J Physiol. 1988 May;254(5 Pt 2):R740-5. ?PMID: 3364603 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

92:  Limaos EA, Silveira VL, Dolnikoff MS. Inflammatory edema induced by carrageenin in monosodium glutamate-treated rats. ?Braz J Med Biol Res. 1988;21(4):837-9. ?PMID: 3240379 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

93:  Remke H, Wilsdorf A, Muller F. Development of hypothalamic obesity in growing rats. ?Exp Pathol. 1988;33(4):223-32. ?PMID: 3068067 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

94:  Nishimura O. [Brain development in the symptomatic obesity model mouse with brain dysfunction. II. Dendritic development of neurons in the cerebral cortex] ?No To Hattatsu. 1987 Nov;19(6):460-9. Japanese. No abstract available. ?PMID: 3689594 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

95:  Flier JS, Cook KS, Usher P, Spiegelman BM. Severely impaired adipsin expression in genetic and acquired obesity. ?Science. 1987 Jul 24;237(4813):405-8. ?PMID: 3299706 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

96:  Lorden JF, Sims JS. Monosodium L-glutamate lesions reduce susceptibility to hypoglycemic feeding and convulsions. ?Behav Brain Res. 1987 May;24(2):139-46. ?PMID: 3297094 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

97:  Scallet AC, Faris PL, Beinfeld MC, Olney JW. Hypothalamic neurotoxins alter the content of immunoreactive cholecystokinin in pituitary. ?Brain Res. 1987 Mar 31;407(2):390-3. ?PMID: 3567652 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

98:  Nishimura O. [Brain development of the symptomatic obesity model mouse with brain dysfunction. I. Neuronal proliferation in the cerebellum] ?No To Hattatsu. 1987;19(4):294-302. Japanese. No abstract available. ?PMID: 3663404 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

99:  Dulloo AG, Miller DS. Screening of drugs for thermogenic anti-obesity properties: antidepressants. ?Ann Nutr Metab. 1987;31(2):69-80. ?PMID: 3592617 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

100:  Rehorek A, Kerecsen L, Muller F. Measurement of tissue catecholamines of obese rats by liquid chromatography and electrochemical detection. ?Biomed Biochim Acta. 1987;46(11):823-7. ?PMID: 3446208 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

101:  Lorden JF, Caudle A. Behavioral and endocrinological effects of single injections of monosodium glutamate in the mouse. ?Neurobehav Toxicol Teratol. 1986 Sep-Oct;8(5):509-19. ?PMID: 3785512 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

102:  Shapiro BH, Albucher RC, MacLeod JN, Bitar MS. Normal levels of hepatic drug-metabolizing enzymes in neonatally induced, growth hormone-deficient adult male and female rats. ?Drug Metab Dispos. 1986 Sep-Oct;14(5):585-9. ?PMID: 2876866 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

103:  Hamaoka K, Kusunoki T. Morphological and cell proliferative study on the growth of visceral organs in monosodium L-glutamate-treated obese mice. ?J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 1986 Aug;32(4):395-411. ?PMID: 3806254 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

104:  Clough RW, Aravich PF, Sladek CD. Monosodium glutamate neurotoxicity: a sex-specific impairment of blood pressure but not vasopressin in developing rats. ?Brain Res Bull. 1986 Jul;17(1):51-8. ?PMID: 3756544 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

105:  Nakai T, Tamai T, Takai H, Hayashi S, Fujiwara R, Miyabo S. Decreased ketonaemia in the monosodium glutamate-induced obese rats. ?Life Sci. 1986 Jun 2;38(22):2009-13. ?PMID: 3713435 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

106:  Scallet AC, Olney JW. Components of hypothalamic obesity: bipiperidyl-mustard lesions add hyperphagia to monosodium glutamate-induced hyperinsulinemia. ?Brain Res. 1986 May 28;374(2):380-4. ?PMID: 3459567 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

107:  Dulloo AG, Miller DS. The effect of parasympathetic drugs on energy expenditure: relevance to the autonomic hypothesis. ?Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 1986 May;64(5):586-91. ?PMID: 3730944 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

108:  Dawson R Jr, Callahan MF, Annau Z. Hypothalamic monoamine metabolism in mice: evaluation of drug challenges and neurotoxic insult. ?Pharmacology. 1986;32(1):25-37. ?PMID: 2418449 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

109:  Nakajima H, Tochino Y, Fujino-Kurihara H, Yamada K, Gomi M, Tajima K, Kanaya T, Miyazaki A, Miyagawa J, Hanafusa T, et al. Decreased incidence of diabetes mellitus by monosodium glutamate in the non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse. ?Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol. 1985 Nov;50(2):251-7. ?PMID: 3909273 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

110:  Moss D, Ma A, Cameron DP. Defective thermoregulatory thermogenesis in monosodium glutamate-induced obesity in mice. ?Metabolism. 1985 Jul;34(7):626-30. ?PMID: 4010523 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

111:  Yoshida T, Nishioka H, Nakamura Y, Kanatsuna T, Kondo M. Reduced norepinephrine turnover in brown adipose tissue of pre-obese mice treated with monosodium-L-glutamate. ?Life Sci. 1985 Mar 11;36(10):931-8. ?PMID: 3974402 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

112:  DePaolo LV, Steger RW. Alterations in immunoreactive somatostatin levels in hypothalamic and gastroenteropancreatic tissue as a consequence of neonatal treatment with monosodium glutamate. ?Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1985 Mar;178(3):419-25. ?PMID: 2858103 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

113:  Yoshida T, Nishioka H, Nakamura Y, Kondo M. Reduced norepinephrine turnover in mice with monosodium glutamate-induced obesity. ?Metabolism. 1984 Nov;33(11):1060-3. ?PMID: 6493048 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

114:  Duloo AG, Miller DS. Unimpaired thermogenic response to noradrenaline in genetic (ob/ob) and hypothalamic (MSG) obese mice. ?Biosci Rep. 1984 Apr;4(4):343-9. ?PMID: 6733259 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE] ?____________________________

115:  Frieder B, Grimm VE. Prenatal monosodium glutamate (MSG) treatment given through the mother’s diet causes behavioral deficits in rat offspring. ?Int J Neurosci. 1984 Apr;23(2):117-26. ?PMID: 6541212 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

116:  Oida K, Nakai T, Hayashi T, Miyabo S, Takeda R. Plasma lipoproteins of monosodium glutamate-induced obese rats. ?Int J Obes. 1984;8(5):385-91. ?PMID: 6394519 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

117:  Dawson R Jr. Naloxone-induced suppression of food intake is potentiated by neonatal administration of monosodium glutamate to mice. ?Neurobehav Toxicol Teratol. 1983 Sep-Oct;5(5):523-6. ?PMID: 6664410 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

118:  Hirose Y, Ishihara K, Terashi K, Kazumi T, Utsumi M, Morita S, Baba S.[Hypothalamic obesity induced by monosodium glutamate (MSG) in rats: changes in the endocrine pancreas in the course of and after induction obesity] ?Nippon Naibunpi Gakkai Zasshi. 1983 Feb 20;59(2):196-207. Japanese. No abstract available. ?PMID: 6133784 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

119:  Barnhart JE, Pizzi WJ. The Monosodium L-glutamate (MSG) syndrome in mice develops independently of housing condition. ?Neurobehav Toxicol Teratol. 1982 Sep-Oct;4(5):549-56. ?PMID: 7177307 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

120:  Romagnano MA, Pilcher WH, Bennett-Clarke C, Chafel TL, Joseph SA. Distribution of somatostatin in the mouse brain: effects of neonatal MSG treatment. ?Brain Res. 1982 Feb 25;234(2):387-98. ?PMID: 6120749 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

121:  Dawson R Jr, Lorden JF. Behavioral and neurochemical effects of neonatal administration of monosodium L-glutamate in mice. ?J Comp Physiol Psychol. 1981 Feb;95(1):71-84. ?PMID: 7217414 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

122:  Kanarek RB, Marks-Kaufman R. Increased carbohydrate consumption induced by neonatal administration of monosodium glutamate to rats. ?Neurobehav Toxicol Teratol. 1981 Fall;3(3):343-50. ?PMID: 7290289 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

123:  Komeda K, Yokote M, Oki Y. Diabetic syndrome in the Chinese hamster induced with monosodium glutamate. ?Experientia. 1980 Feb 15;36(2):232-4. ?PMID: 6989622 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

124:  Kanarek RB, Meyers J, Meade RG, Mayer J. Juvenile-onset obesity and deficits in caloric regulation in MSG-treated rats. ?Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1979 May;10(5):717-21. ?PMID: 493287 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

125:  Djazayery A, Miller DS, Stock MJ. Energy balances in obese mice. ?Nutr Metab. 1979;23(5):357-67. ?PMID: 384301 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

126:  Tanaka K, Shimada M, Nakao K, Kusunoki T. Hypothalamic lesion induced by injection of monosodium glutamate in suckling period and subsequent development of obesity. ?Exp Neurol. 1978 Oct;62(1):191-9. No abstract available. ?PMID: 729669 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

127:  Poon TK, Cameron DP. Measurement of oxygen consumption and locomotor activity in monosodium glutamate-induced obesity. ?Am J Physiol. 1978 May;234(5):E532-4. ?PMID: 645905 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

128:  Cameron DP, Cutbush L, Opat F. Effects of monosodium glutamate-induced obesity in mice on carbohydrate metabolism in insulin secretion. ?Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 1978 Jan-Feb;5(1):41-51. ?PMID: 639358 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

129:  Nemeroff CB, Lipton MA, Kizer JS. Models of neuroendocrine regulation: use of monosodium glutamate as an investigational tool. ?Dev Neurosci. 1978;1(2):102-9. ?PMID: 39735 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

130:  Nikoletseas MM. Obesity in exercising, hypophagic rats treated with monosodium glutamate. ?Physiol Behav. 1977 Dec;19(6):767-73. No abstract available. ?PMID: 565061 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

131:  Simson EL, Gold RM, Standish LJ, Pellett PL. Axon-sparing brain lesioning technique: the use of monosodium-L-glutamate and other amino acids. ?Science. 1977 Nov 4;198(4316):515-7. ?PMID: 910144 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

132:  Djazayery A. Alterations in blood glucose concentrations in obese mice. ?Proc Nutr Soc. 1977 May;36(1):15A. ?PMID: 331329 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

133:  Pizzi WJ, Barnhart JE, Fanslow DJ. Monosodium glutamate admlinistration to the newborn reduces reproductive ability in female and male mice. ?Science. 1977 Apr 22;196(4288):452-4. ?PMID: 557837 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

134:  Nemeroff CB, Grant LD, Bissette G, Ervin GN, Harrell LE, Prange AJ Jr.Growth, endocrinological and behavioral deficits after monosodium L-glutamate in the neonatal rat: possible involvement of arcuate dopamine neuron damage. ?Psychoneuroendocrinology. 1977;2(2):179-96. No abstract available. ?PMID: 601168 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

135:  Cameron DP, Poon TK, Smith GC. Effects of monosodium glutamate administration in the neonatal period on the diabetic syndrome in KK mice. ?Diabetologia. 1976 Dec;12(6):621-6. ?PMID: 1001851 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

136:  Pizzi WJ, Barnhart JE. Effects of monosodium glutamate on somatic development, obesity and activity in the mouse. ?Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1976 Nov;5(5):551-7. ?PMID: 1019185 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

137:  Bunyan J, Murrell EA, Shah PP. The induction of obesity in rodents by means of monosodium glutamate. ?Br J Nutr. 1976 Jan;35(1):25-39. ?PMID: 1106764 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

138:  Robinzon B, Snapir N, Perek M. The relation between monosodium glutamate inducing brain damage, and body weight, food intake, semen production and endocrine criteria in the fowl. ?Poult Sci. 1975 Jan;54(1):234-41. ?PMID: 806066 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

139:  Araujo PE, Mayer J. Activity increase associated with obesity induced by monosodium glutamate in mice. ?Am J Physiol. 1973 Oct;225(4):764-5. ?PMID: 4743367 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

140:  Djazayery A, Miller DS. The use of gold-thioglucose and monosodium glutamate to induce obesity in mice. ?Proc Nutr Soc. 1973 May;32(1):30A-31A. No abstract available. ?PMID: 4586579 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

141:  Matsuyama S, Oki Y, Yokoki Y. Obesity induced by monosodium glutamate in mice. ?Natl Inst Anim Health Q (Tokyo). 1973 Summer;13(2):91-101. ?PMID: 4792405 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

142:  Redding TW, Schally AV, Arimura A, Wakabayashi I. Effect of monosodium glutamate on some endocrine functions. ?Neuroendocrinology. 1971;8(3):245-55. ?PMID: 5093957 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

143:  Olney JW. Brain lesions, obesity, and other disturbances in mice treated with monosodium glutamate. ?Science. 1969 May 9;164(880):719-21. ?PMID: 5778021 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

Kimura, E. Fermentation & Biotechnology Laboratories, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., “Metabolic engineering of Glutamate production.” Adv Biochem Eng Biotechnol 2003;79:37-57.

Walker R. “The significance of excursions above the ADI. Case study: Monosodium Glutamate.” Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 1999

Bellisle, F. Monneuse, MO. Chabert, M. Larue-Achagiotis, C. Lanteaume, MT. Louis-Sylvestre, J. “Monosodium Glutamate as a palatability enhancer in the European diet.” Physiol Behav 1991 May;49(5):869-73.

Schwartz, Dr. George. In Bad Taste, Health Press, 1999. pg 61.?Bellisle, F. “Effects of Monosodium Glutamate on human food palatability.” Ann ???? Y Acad Sci 1998 Nov 30;855:438-41.

Frieder, B, and Grimm, VE. Prenatal monosodium glutamate (MSG) treatment given through the mother’s diet  causes behavioral deficits in rat offspring. Intern J Neurosci. 23:117-126,1984.

Gao, J, Wu, J, Zhao, XN, Zhang, WN, Zhang, YY, Zhang, ZX. [Transplacental neurotoxic effects of  monosodium glutamate on structures and functions of specific brain areas of filial mice.] Sheng Li Hsueh Pao?     Acta Physiologica Sinica. 46:44-51,1994.

Price MT, Olney JW, Lowry OH, Buchsbaum S. Uptake of exogenous glutamate and aspartate by  circumventricular organs but not other regions of brain. J.Neurochem. 36:1774-1780,1981.

Broadwell RD, Sofroniew MV. Serum proteins bypass the blood-brain fluid barriers for extracellular entry to the central nervous system. Exp Neurol. 120:245-263,1993.

Blaylock, RL. Excitotoxins: The Taste That Kills. Santa Fe, NM: Health Press; 1994.

Nemeroff, C.B., and Crisley, F.D. Monosodium L-glutamate induced convulsions: temporary alteration in  blood-brain barrier permeability to plasma proteins. Environ Physiol Biochem 5: 389-395, 1975.